In the footsteps of Nomads
a journey following the Bakhtiari and Qashqai tribes in Fars province, Iran
Completely exhausted I’m standing on a glacier somewhere in Koohrang, in the Zagros Mountains in Iran. After a heavy climb and a very steep downhill, more sliding than walking, I am standing on what Jahangir called an always snow-covered spring. Jahangir is laughing and looks compassionate to my clambering. It looks like he just hops on and off the mountain. He will never choose the easy way around, he just goes straight, steep or not steep, path or no path. It’s clear that Jahangir is an Bakhtiari, one of the nomadic tribes of Iran. Although by travellers Iran is famous for its Islamic architecture, the remains of the Persian Empire and the desert towns, this country is also a country with one of the largest nomadic populations in the world. The best-known nomadic tribes are the Ghasga’i, the Bakhtiari, the Kurds, the Shahsavan, the Turkomanen, the Baluchis and the Talesh. Almost 20 years ago I made an adventurous tour visiting these tribes, still one of the best trips I’ve ever made. In the most beautiful and wildest landscapes I was warmly welcomed everywhere by very traditional living nomads. I wonder if their culture still exists and I return to the mountains of Iran seeking the Ghasga’i and Bakthiari.
Across the Glacier
Still moaning and puffing I look up to the glacier that rises nearly straight up a mountain of 4,000 meters, fascinating to see and impossible to climb, I think. Jahangir smiles: ‘through this mountain we hike every year to our winter home in Khuzestan’. That absolutely blows my mind: women, children, sheep, goats and of course the men, all of them climbing over the steep mountain. Behind the mountain, moreover, is another one. Despite the modernization which certainly takes place here, every year the family walks hundreds of kilometers from their winter home in Khuzestan to the summer home in the mountains of Chahar-e Mahal-e Bakhtiari, scenically the most beautiful region of Iran. And in the fall they walk back again. Where many nomads now take a pickup truck for this biannual trek, for many of the Bakhtiai this is still the way of their ancestors, by foot, mountain to mountain.
Finding the Qashqai nomads
I started my tour in the city of poets: Shiraz. In the alleyways of the bazaar you’ll see the occasional colourful woman walking around in waving multi-coloured skirts. Especially in Iran, where there are still many women in a black chador (apart from the hipper, younger generation who replaced the headscarf by fashionable scarfs), these women are a striking appearance. They belong to the Ghasga’I tribe, the largest nomadic tribe in Iran. There are approximately two million Ghasga’I, from which only 20,000 still live as nomads in tents in the mountains of Fars. Tha Ghasga’I annually hikes back and forth between their winter homes in the southern regions of Fars and the summer homes in the higher parts of the Zagros mountains. Almost twenty years ago I saw them walk with their herds along the way, fascinating to see, sometimes even 600 kilometers were travelled by foot, a journey that could last for weeks. Most Ghasga'I nowadays do it in a day, by a pick-up truck. This makes sense, why not make use of modern developments. Also, most families have a house in a village or town, where especially the younger generation grows up. Fortunately, there are many Ghasga'i who live in the traditional way in the mountains and I hope to visit some of those families. That's not as easy as it sounds, the mountains are huge, the nomads often live in isolated valleys, far from the road and varies from year to year when they travel from their winter to summer residence and vice versa, depending on the weather. Normally the trek takes place in May and September, but some families leave a month earlier and / or stay a month longer.
Firuzabad
The first day I drive towards the surroundings of Firuzabad. Now, however, in early June, most Ghasga'i families already left to the higher valleys. But I was warmly welcomed by the family of Bahadoni Zadegan, who still stored their characteristic black tent of goat hair in the winter home. Here they live, in very basic conditions, with grandfather, grandmother and three children and their herd of goats and sheep. In a few weeks they hope to leave. The family is most friendly and introduces me to all aspects of their existence. Together with the lady of the house, I can milk the sheep and make dough (a yogurt drink that is made the traditional way by a homemade bag of sheep skin; or a (modern) milk churn, hanged up on a tripod made of wood and shaked back and forth. Meanwhile grandma is spinning wool, dad is taking the sheep inside and grandfather pushes his shotgun in my hands. After all, the mountains are full of wolves, jackals and bears.
Qashqai making poetry
The next day I drive by the upper sections of the Zagros Mountains. Together with Bahman I visit his family who live in a remote valley. There are four tents together in this valley, where (of course) a small river flows through. The Ghasga'i all live quite spread apart from each other, usually two to four tents together, all family. Bahman begins to sing spontaneously and declaring self-written poems about the nomadic life, the translation goes something like this:
"As the water flows from the tap and you drink as much as you want,
think of my mother how long she have to walk for a bucket of water.
If you are sleeping in bed, quietly in a long night,
think of my father, who sleeps with one eye closed and one eye on the sheep. "
A typical poem of this modern Ghashga’I, who lives in the city, but only comes to life when he is in the mountains with his family. For breakfast I get kaljoosh, a boiled yoghurt drink with bread and butter. I'm here with some friends from Tehran, modern Iranians, who are completely shocked when it is announced that they will kill a chicken for us. After much protest and uncomprehending glances they decide not the kill the chicken. They scream at the neighbours, who then decide to kill a sheep instead. My friends dispiritedly crawl away in a corner of the tent. I'll just see how skilfully the sheep is slaughtered and how each part of the animal is used for something.
Dena Nature Sanctuary
Through a beautiful road, green valleys, gushing mountain streams and still snow here and there, we drive towards Yasauj. Through a beautiful road, green valleys, gushing mountain streams and here and there still snow on the mountains we drive towards Yasuj. Along the way we see some Ghasga'i families and we are invited for a cup of tea at the Morad family. They live in the valley with the poetic name "the valley of the lonely walnut tree ".
Once in the busy city of Yasuj we decide to drive a little firther to Sisakht, a hilltop town at the foot of Mt. Dena, one of the highest peaks of Iran (4409 meters high). The town itself is not much, but the nature sanctuary of Dena is increadibly beautiful, a paradise for hikers. And of course some Ghashga’I who have their summer home here.
A visit to the Bakhtiari
The next day we slowely change from the living area of Ghashga’I to the living are of the Bakhtiari. A wonderful tour takes us via Semirom to Koohrang. The surrounding of Semirom is gorgeous, expansive valleys with snow-covered mountains in the distance. Here and there the familiar black tents of the Ghasga'i, of course, they are drinking a lot of tea.
Through Bojunerd and Boldaji, we arrive at the lake of Chogsakor. Here we see the first Bakhtiari, they they just arrived and all their belongings are lying in the grass. The tents are built and we exchange some information. In the valley behind the Chogsakor lake are more Bakhtiari. They are already a few weeks here. Grandpa grumbles something on his grandchildren who have no sense for herding sheep and goats. By the way, not just regular sheep, it is a fierce-looking sheep, big, huge horns, lots of wool, and heaps of fat hanging from their ass. Exactly the part that makes the Baktiari kebab so tasty.
While we are getting higher, the landscape is becoming rougher an more beautiful. Especially with the nice, soft, warm light at the end of the day. A clear blue sky, snow-capped mountains, green valleys, more Bakhtiari tents with their herds, truly a paradise.
We spend the night in a tent camp that has been put down by an entrepreneurial Bakhtiari at the place that belongs to his family for decades. Anyhow, the country in this entire region belongs to the Bakhtiari, who received this contractually by the last shah. Here we meet Jahangir, a very friendly man who introduces us everywhere. He talks about his two children and his wife who is pregnant. Because she could give birth any moment, she lives temporarily in a distant village. Doesn’t he miss her, I ask. Of course not, I'm still a man answered Jahangir.
Jahangir shows us around, we talk about the issues that the Bakhtiari talk about, especially about the wellbeing of sheep, we ride through valleys whit dozens of tents and 'just walk to a spring that is always covered with snow‘.
Oh, and once we were down at the glacier, we did not have to climb back up, we would go down through the glacier and a piece of the river. That seemed like a good plan, until Jahangir, once arrived at the glacier, casually mentioned that the icy water in the river was one and a half meters high and was flowing quite fierce. So we had to climb back up, with deep respect for the Bakhtiari which annually tame the many impressive mountain passes. If we want to walk along next year, Jahangir asks. Yes please!!
We had a fabulous time in this alpine environment, a paradise for hikers, horseback riders, the nomadic culture lovers and anyone who wants to see more of Iran than the cities, however beautiful they may be.
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